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Winter 2015-2016 Summary – Warmest on Record

March 3, 2016

Blue Hill Observatory Winter 2015-2016 Summary: The winter (December-February) season began with the warmest December on record and continued generally warmer than…

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BHO_Snow_IMG0508_6Feb16

Blue Hill Observatory
Winter 2015-2016 Summary:

The winter (December-February) season began with the warmest December on record and continued generally warmer than average with a few brief cold spells and moderate snowfalls. The 24-hour mean temperature for the winter of 34.9 deg F was 7.6 degrees warmer than the 120-year average for winter and 5.9 degrees warmer than the 1981-2010 30-year average. Each month was warmer than average with December setting a new record for that month with the largest positive temperature departure for any month. The highest temperature for the season was 67F on December 24th, and the coldest temperature was -14F on February 14th. There were 32 days during the season with a high temperature of 50F or higher and eight days with a high temperature of 60F or higher, both of which set a new record.  The liquid equivalent precipitation total for winter was 13.64 inches, which was slightly drier than the 120-year average and slightly wetter than the 1981-2010 mean. Winter snowfall totaled 38.1 inches, which was about five inches less than the long-term mean and about six inches less than the 30-year normal. The largest single snowstorm brought 12.5 inches of mostly heavy, wet snow on February 5th that stuck on the trees and other surfaces for a couple of days making for a brief but beautiful, wintry scene across the area. Nearby Houghton’s Pond first froze on January 5th and thawed on February 25th during heavy rain and strong winds. The pond remained frozen for only 51 days this winter, which was the second shortest freeze duration on record. This interval is about half of the 120-year average period of 99 days that this pond remains frozen. The mean wind speed for the winter months was only 13.5 mph, which was the fourth slowest wind speed for any December-February period on record.  The peak gust during winter was 76 mph from the south, which occurred on a very warm day with heavy rain and thunderstorms on the morning of February 25th. Winter was slightly cloudier than average with 46 percent of the possible bright sunshine being observed, which was one percent less than the 120-year average of 47 percent. Much of this departure was due to December, which was very cloudy, while January and February were slightly sunnier than average.

BHO Warmest Winters, deg F (1885-2016):

1) 34.9 in 2015-2016
2) 34.8 in 2001-2002
3) 34.3 in 2011-2012
4) 32.6 in 1997-1998
5) 32.3 in 1936-1937
    32.3 in 1998-1999

BHO Winter (Dec-Feb) Number of Days with Maximum Temperature 50F or Higher, (1885-2016):

1) 32 in 2015-2016
2) 23 in 1990-1991
3) 22 in 1953-1954
    22 in 1973-1974
5) 21 in 2001-2002

BHO Winter (Dec-Feb) Number of Days with Maximum Temperature 60F or Higher, (1885-2016):

1) 8 in 2015-2016
2) 5 in 1929-1930
    5 in 1953-1954
    5 in 1975-1976
    5 in 1980-1981
    5 in 1994-1995
    5 in 2001-2002

BHO Shortest Houghton’s Pond Freeze Duration, (1885-2016):

1) 38 days, January 16, 2012 – February 23, 2012
2) 51 days, January 5, 2016 – February 25, 2016
3) 54 days, December 31, 1996 – February 23, 1997
4) 56 days, December 28, 2001 to February 22, 2002
    56 days, January 18, 2007 – March 15, 2007
6) 58 days, January 5, 1974 – March 4, 1974
7) 62 days, December 24, 1959 – February 24, 1960

BHO Lowest Winter Mean Wind Speed, mph (1885-2016):

1) 13.1 in 2013-2014
2) 13.3 in 2011-2012
    13.3 in 2014-2015
4) 13.5 in 2015-2016
5) 13.6 in 2007-2008
6) 13.7 in 2004-2005
    13.7 in 2012-2013
8) 13.9 in 2001-2002

 

Mike Iacono
Chief Scientist
Blue Hill Observatory

 

Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center · Legal

Data Use & Privacy Policy

Please read the full Policy before accessing Observatory data · Effective January 1, 2025

Notice: By accessing, downloading, or using any Blue Hill Observatory data or services, you unconditionally accept and agree to be bound by this Policy in its entirety. If you do not agree, you may not access or use Observatory data.
Effective January 1, 2025 · Milton, Massachusetts · bluehill.org
Part I — Data Use Policy
§ 01

Ownership and Proprietary Rights

All observational records, compiled datasets, metadata, database structures, and related materials provided by the Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center are the exclusive property of the Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center. The Observatory has maintained continuous weather observations at the summit of Great Blue Hill since 1885, and the entirety of that record — its compilation, structure, curation, and organization — constitutes a proprietary database protected under applicable United States law, including copyright law and common law database protections.

All rights not expressly granted in this Policy are reserved by the Observatory. No access to or use of Observatory data shall be construed as a waiver of any rights or as a license to use data beyond the scope expressly stated herein.

§ 02

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

This Policy shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without regard to its conflict of law provisions. For interactions with international users, this Policy shall apply to the maximum extent permitted by applicable local law.

Any dispute arising from or related to this Policy shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in Norfolk County, Massachusetts. By accessing Observatory data, all users consent to personal jurisdiction in Massachusetts and waive any objection to the venue or inconvenience of such forum.

§ 03

Permitted Uses

Observatory data are made available for the following limited, non-commercial purposes only:

  • Personal study and analysis
  • Educational classroom use
  • Student projects
  • Non-commercial academic research
  • Publication of analyses, figures, models, or conclusions derived from the data, subject to the attribution requirements of Section 4

All other uses require prior written authorization from the Observatory.

§ 04

Attribution Requirement

Any use of Observatory data in any published, presented, or publicly distributed work must include the following verbatim acknowledgment:

“Data provided by the Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center, Milton, Massachusetts. Continuous weather observations since 1885.”

Failure to include proper attribution is a material violation of this Policy.

§ 05

Prohibited Uses

Unless explicitly authorized in writing, Users may not:

  • Resell, license, sublicense, or commercially exploit Observatory data in any form
  • Redistribute the dataset in whole or in part to any third party
  • Publish the dataset for download by third parties
  • Host, mirror, or archive the dataset on any external website, repository, or storage service
  • Upload the dataset to any public or institutional data repository
  • Provide the data through APIs, automated services, or subscription platforms
  • Incorporate the data into any commercial product, software, application, or service
  • Use the data for AI or machine learning systems intended for commercial use or external distribution
  • Use the data to create derivative datasets that enable reconstruction of the underlying observations
§ 06

Commercial Licensing

Organizations seeking to use Observatory data for commercial purposes must obtain a license prior to any such use. Licensing inquiries: data@bluehill.org.

§ 07

Automated Access

Automated scraping, bulk harvesting, or systematic downloading of Observatory data is strictly prohibited without prior written authorization.

§ 08

Enforcement and Remedies

Violation of this Policy may result in immediate revocation of data access, pursuit of legal remedies available under United States law, and referral to applicable authorities. The Observatory reserves all rights to seek injunctive relief, damages, and attorneys’ fees in connection with any unauthorized use of its data.

Part II — Privacy Policy
§ 09–10

Scope & Information Collected

This section governs the collection, use, storage, and disclosure of personal information from visitors to the Blue Hill Observatory website and users of its data services. The Observatory may collect contact information (name, email, organization) when voluntarily submitted, usage data including IP addresses and pages visited, and data download records.

§ 11–12

How We Use Information & Retention

Information is used solely for: responding to inquiries and licensing requests; monitoring and enforcing compliance with this Policy; improving website performance; and communicating Observatory news to opted-in users. The Observatory does not sell, rent, or share personal information with third parties for marketing purposes. Data access records may be retained indefinitely for compliance and enforcement purposes.

§ 13

International Users and Data Transfers

The Observatory is located in the United States. International users acknowledge their information will be processed in the United States under U.S. law. Users requiring specific data processing agreements under non-US law must contact data@bluehill.org before accessing data.

§ 14–16

Cookies, Security & Children’s Privacy

The Observatory website may use cookies for analytics and functionality. By continuing to use the site, users consent to cookie use. The Observatory implements reasonable measures to protect personal information but cannot guarantee absolute security. Observatory data services are not directed at children under 13.

Part III — General Provisions
§ 17–20

Modifications, Severability, Entire Agreement & Contact

The Observatory reserves the right to modify this Policy at any time. Updated versions will be posted at bluehill.org. Continued use of Observatory data following any modification constitutes acceptance of the revised Policy. This Policy constitutes the entire agreement between the User and the Observatory. Questions and licensing inquiries: Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center, Milton, Massachusetts — data@bluehill.org

By accessing, downloading, or using any Blue Hill Observatory data or services, you acknowledge that you have read, understood, and agree to be bound by this Policy.
Effective January 1, 2025 · Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center · Milton, Massachusetts